Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Heterotrophic organisms ranging from E. coli to humans rely on the chemical energy found mainly in carbohydrate molecules. Many of these carbohydrates are produced by photosynthesis, the biochemical process by…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Previous sections have discussed the catabolism of glucose, which provides energy to living cells, as well as how polysaccharides like glycogen, starch, and cellulose are degraded to…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Many cells are unable to carry out respiration because of one or more of the following circumstances: Whereas lack of an appropriate inorganic final electron acceptor is…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: We have just discussed two pathways in glucose catabolism—glycolysis and the Krebs cycle—that generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. Most ATP, however, is generated during a separate process…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Extensive enzyme pathways exist for breaking down carbohydrates to capture energy in ATP bonds. In addition, many catabolic pathways produce intermediate molecules that are also used as building blocks for anabolism.…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Clinical Focus Part 1 Hannah is a 15-month-old girl from Washington state. She is spending the summer in Gambia, where her parents are working for a nongovernmental…
Figure 8.1 Prokaryotes have great metabolic diversity with important consequences to other forms of life. Acidic mine drainage (left) is a serious environmental problem resulting from the introduction of water and oxygen to sulfide-oxidizing bacteria during mining processes. These bacteria produce large…
7.1 Organic Molecules 7.2 Carbohydrates 7.3 Lipids 7.4 Proteins 7.5 Using Biochemistry to Identify Microorganisms
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Accurate identification of bacterial isolates is essential in a clinical microbiology laboratory because the results often inform decisions about treatment that directly affect patient outcomes. For example,…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: At the beginning of this chapter, a famous experiment was described in which scientists synthesized amino acids under conditions simulating those present on earth long before the evolution…