Gene Therapy
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Many types of genetic engineering have yielded clear benefits with few apparent risks. Few would question, for example, the value of our now abundant supply of human…
Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Advances in molecular biology have led to the creation of entirely new fields of science. Among these are fields that study aspects of whole genomes, collectively referred…
Visualizing and Characterizing DNA, RNA, and Protein
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The sequence of a DNA molecule can help us identify an organism when compared to known sequences housed in a database. The sequence can also tell us…
Microbes and the Tools of Genetic Engineering
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Clinical Focus Part 1 Kayla, a 24-year-old electrical engineer and running enthusiast, just moved from Arizona to New Hampshire to take a new job. On her weekends…
Introduction
Figure 12.1 A thermal cycler (left) is used during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR amplifies the number of copies of DNA and can assist in diagnosis of infections caused by microbes that are difficult to culture, such as Chlamydia trachomatis (right). C. trachomatis causes chlamydia,…
Summary
11.1 The Functions of Genetic Material 11.2 DNA Replication 11.3 RNA Transcription 11.4 Protein Synthesis (Translation) 11.5 Mutations 11.6 How Asexual Prokaryotes Achieve Genetic Diversity 11.7 Gene Regulation: Operon Theory
Gene Regulation: Operon Theory
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Each nucleated cell in a multicellular organism contains copies of the same DNA. Similarly, all cells in two pure bacterial cultures inoculated from the same starting colony…
How Asexual Prokaryotes Achieve Genetic Diversity
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Typically, when we consider genetic transfer, we think of vertical gene transfer, the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. Vertical gene transfer is by far the…
Mutations
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: A mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is…
Protein Synthesis (Translation)
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The synthesis of proteins consumes more of a cell’s energy than any other metabolic process. In turn, proteins account for more mass than any other macromolecule of…