Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Although they are composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen, lipid molecules may also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous. Lipids serve numerous and diverse purposes in the structure and…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The most abundant biomolecules on earth are carbohydrates. From a chemical viewpoint, carbohydrates are primarily a combination of carbon and water, and many of them have the empirical…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Clinical Focus Part 1 Penny is a 16-year-old student who visited her doctor, complaining about an itchy skin rash. She had a history of allergic episodes. The…
Figure 7.1 Scientist Stanley Miller and Harold Urey demonstrated that organic compounds may have originated naturally from inorganic matter. The Miller-Urey experiment illustrated here simulated the effects of lightning on chemical compounds found in the earth’s early atmosphere. The resulting reactions yielded…
6.1 Viruses 6.2 The Viral Life Cycle 6.3 Isolation, Culture, and Identification of Viruses 6.4 Viroids, Virusoids, and Prions
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Research attempts to discover the causative agents of previously uninvestigated diseases have led to the discovery of nonliving disease agents quite different from viruses. These include particles…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: At the beginning of this chapter, we described how porcelain Chamberland filters with pores small enough to allow viruses to pass through were used to discover TMV.…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: All viruses depend on cells for reproduction and metabolic processes. By themselves, viruses do not encode for all of the enzymes necessary for viral replication. But within…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Clinical Focus Part 1 David, a 45-year-old journalist, has just returned to the U.S. from travels in Russia, China, and Africa. He is not feeling well, so…
Figure 6.1 The year 2014 saw the first large-scale outbreak of Ebola virus (electron micrograph, left) in human populations in West Africa (right). Such epidemics are now widely reported and documented, but viral epidemics are sure to have plagued human populations since…