This chapter focused on heart failure drugs. Heart failure was defined and described per the AHA/ACC/HFSA 2022 Guidelines. Heart failure is a decrease in cardiac output. Heart rate and stroke volume are two components of cardiac output. Stroke volume is…
Learning Outcomes By the end of this section, you should be able to: Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate (BiDil) are administered as a combination drug in clients with heart failure who have optimized therapy with other medications but…
Learning Outcomes By the end of this section, you should be able to: Diuretics were introduced in Antihypertensive and Antianginal Drugs. This chapter discusses diuretics that are used in heart failure, specifically loop diuretics and thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics. Typically, potassium-sparing diuretics,…
Learning Outcomes By the end of this section, you should be able to: Initially, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2I) medications were introduced as pharmacologic therapy for clients with type 2 diabetes. After years of use in clients with type 2 diabetes and…
Learning Outcomes By the end of this section, you should be able to: As presented in Antihypertensive and Antianginal Drugs, beta-adrenergic blockers (beta blockers) are a classification of drugs that inhibit chronotropic, inotropic, and vasoconstrictor response to catecholamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. They do…
Learning Outcomes By the end of this section, you should be able to: Angiotensin-Converting (ACE) Enzyme Inhibitors As mentioned in Antihypertensive and Antianginal Drugs, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a classification of drugs that block the body’s production of angiotensin II. Angiotensin II…
Learning Outcomes By the end of this section, you should be able to: Pathophysiology of Heart Failure The importance of cardiac output cannot be stressed enough; it is necessary for every organ in the body. Cardiac output is a function of heart…
Figure 19.1 The heart is the primary organ of the cardiovascular system, controlling circulation and blood flow for the entire body. (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY 4.0 license) Chapter Outline 19.1 Heart Failure 19.2 Drugs Affecting the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 19.3 Beta-Adrenergic Blockers…
This chapter focused on antihypertension and antianginal drugs. Hypertension and angina were defined. Stroke volume and peripheral vascular resistance are the two determinants of blood pressure. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was described, and how it impacts blood pressure within the body…
Learning Outcomes By the end of this section, you should be able to: Introduction and Use Nitrates are a classification of drugs that cause vasodilation of blood vessels, which relaxes smooth muscles and causes the dilation of coronary vessels. Vasodilation improves…