Learning Outcomes By the end of this section, you should be able to: Introduction and Use Diuretics are a classification of drug that induces sodium loss and increases urine flow. They are typically used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and volume…
Learning Outcomes By the end of this section, you should be able to: Introduction and Use Calcium channel blockers are a classification of drug that blocks calcium from entering cells by binding to long-acting voltage-gated calcium channels in the heart, smooth…
Learning Outcomes By the end of this section, you should be able to: Introduction and Use Beta-adrenergic blockers (beta blockers) are a classification of drugs that inhibit chronotropic, inotropic, and vasoconstrictor response to catecholamine—such as epinephrine and norepinephrine—by exerting effects on…
Learning Outcomes By the end of this section, you should be able to: Introduction and Use Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are a classification of drug that binds to and inhibits angiotensin II type I receptors. Renin secretion catalyzes the conversion…
Learning Outcomes By the end of this section, you should be able to: Introduction and Use Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a classification of drugs that block the body’s production of angiotensin II. Angiotensin II induces oxidative stress and inflammation of…
Learning Outcomes By the end of this section, you should be able to: Hypertension The cardiovascular system transports blood and oxygen throughout the body. Blood flows from a system of higher resistance to one of lower resistance—from arteries to capillaries…
Figure 18.1 The heart is the primary organ of the cardiovascular system, controlling circulation and blood flow for the entire body. (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY 4.0 license) Chapter Outline 18.1 Hypertension and Angina 18.2 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors 18.3 Angiotensin II…
This chapter introduced various common arrhythmias and antidysrhythmic drugs for treating them. Drugs were discussed based on their primary mechanism as categorized by the Vaughan Williams classification: class I, sodium channel blockers; class II, beta-adrenergic blockers; class III, potassium channel…
Learning Outcomes By the end of this section, you should be able to: Some antidysrhythmic drugs do not have a mechanism that fits into in the Vaughan Williams classification. These heterogeneous drugs do not have a unifying mechanism or treatment…
Learning Outcomes By the end of this section, you should be able to: Calcium has several roles within cardiac tissue. It flows into the cells of the SA node (the pacemaker of the heart) and AV node to mediate the…