Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The brain is a complex organ composed of gray parts and white matter, which can be hard to distinguish. Starting from an embryologic perspective allows you to…
Figure 13.1 Human Nervous System The ability to balance like an acrobat combines functions throughout the nervous system. The central and peripheral divisions coordinate control of the body using the senses of balance, body position, and touch on the soles of the feet.…
Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System The nervous system can be separated into divisions on the basis of anatomy and physiology. The anatomical divisions are the central and peripheral nervous systems. The CNS is the brain and spinal…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The electrical changes taking place within a neuron, as described in the previous section, are similar to a light switch being turned on. A stimulus starts the…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The functions of the nervous system—sensation, integration, and response—depend on the functions of the neurons underlying these pathways. To understand how neurons are able to communicate, it…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Having looked at the components of nervous tissue, and the basic anatomy of the nervous system, next comes an understanding of how nervous tissue is capable of…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Nervous tissue is composed of two types of cells, neurons and glial cells. Neurons are the primary type of cell that most anyone associates with the nervous…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The picture you have in your mind of the nervous system probably includes the brain, the nervous tissue contained within the cranium, and the spinal cord, the extension of…
Figure 12.1 Robotic Arms Playing Foosball As the neural circuitry of the nervous system has become more fully understood and robotics more sophisticated, it is now possible to integrate technology with the body and restore abilities following traumatic events. At some point in…
Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems Skeletal muscles each have an origin and an insertion. The end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled is called the muscle’s insertion and the end…