Overview of the Circulatory System In most animals, the circulatory system is used to transport blood through the body. Some primitive animals use diffusion for the exchange of water, nutrients, and gases. However, complex organisms use the circulatory system to…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses The information in this section is not within the scope for AP®. However, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at capillary beds is an application…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses Much of the information in this section is not within the scope for AP®. You likely have studied the pathway of blood through the heart in…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses Most of us have suffered a cut or a scraped knee and have seen our own blood. Blood consists of different types of cells bathed in…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses Much of the information in this chapter is not in scope for AP®. However, the chapter is filled with examples that are applicable to concepts we…
Figure 31.1 Just as highway systems transport people and goods through a complex network, the circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the animal body. (credit: modification of work by Andrey Belenko) Chapter Outline 31.1 Overview of the Circulatory System 31.2 Components of…
Systems of Gas Exchange Animal respiratory systems are designed to facilitate gas exchange. In mammals, air is warmed and humidified in the nasal cavity. Air then travels down the pharynx, through the trachea, and into the lungs. In the lungs,…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses Gas exchange at the tissue level also occurs by diffusion. The majority of oxygen transported from the lungs to body tissue is bound to a protein…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses The information in this section is not within the scope for AP® and does not align to the Curriculum Framework. However, understanding how breathing occurs enhances ones…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses The information in this section about lung volumes and capacities is outside the scope for AP®. However, the content about the movement of gases across the…