LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this section, you will be able to: From 1996 to 1999, the Galileo spacecraft careered through the jovian system on a complex but carefully planned trajectory that provided repeated close encounters with the large…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this section, you will be able to: The rings and moons (see the moons in Figure 12.2) of the outer solar system are not composed of the same materials as the mostly rocky objects in the inner…
Figure 12.1 Jupiter Family. This montage, assembled from individual Galileo and Voyager images, shows a “family portrait” of Jupiter (with its giant red spot) and its four large moons. From top to bottom, we see Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. The colors are exaggerated by…
Exploring the Outer Planets The outer solar system contains the four giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The gas giants Jupiter and Saturn have overall compositions similar to that of the Sun. These planets have been explored by the…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this section, you will be able to: The atmospheres of the jovian planets are the parts we can observe or measure directly. Since these planets have no solid surfaces, their atmospheres are more representative of…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this section, you will be able to: Let us now examine the four giant (or jovian) planets in more detail. Our approach is not just to catalog their characteristics, but to compare them with each…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this section, you will be able to: The giant planets hold most of the mass in our planetary system. Jupiter alone exceeds the mass of all the other planets combined (Figure 11.2). The material available to…
Figure 11.1 Giant Planets. The four giant planets in our solar system all have hydrogen atmospheres, but the warm gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, have tan, beige, red, and white clouds that are thought to be composed of ammonia ice particles with various colorants called “chromophores.”…
Reproduction Methods Reproduction may be asexual when one individual produces genetically identical offspring, or sexual when the genetic material from two individuals is combined to produce genetically diverse offspring. Asexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, and fragmentation. Sexual reproduction may…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses The information in this section is not within the scope for AP®, and you likely studied this information in a prior health class. However, if you…