Figure 14.1 Eunice Newton Foote was the first to determine the relationship between carbon dioxide, water vapor, and the potential for global heating. She designed and conducted a number of experiments to uncover the ability of different gases to trap heat, describing…
Temperature Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids The Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature Phase Changes Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling
LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this section, you will be able to: Figure 13.31 Dew drops like these, on a banana leaf photographed just after sunrise, form when the air temperature drops to or below the dew point. At the dew…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this section, you will be able to: Up to now, we have considered the behavior of ideal gases. Real gases are like ideal gases at high temperatures. At lower temperatures, however, the interactions between…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this section, you will be able to: We have developed macroscopic definitions of pressure and temperature. Pressure is the force divided by the area on which the force is exerted, and temperature is measured…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this section, you will be able to: Figure 13.17 The air inside this hot air balloon flying over Putrajaya, Malaysia, is hotter than the ambient air. As a result, the balloon experiences a buoyant force pushing…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this section, you will be able to: Figure 13.11 Thermal expansion joints like these in the Auckland Harbour Bridge in New Zealand allow bridges to change length without buckling. (credit: Ingolfson, Wikimedia Commons) The expansion of…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this section, you will be able to: The concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts of hot and cold. Human perception of what feels hot or cold is a relative one. For…
Figure 13.1 Molecules dissolved in surfaces undergo a process of outgassing, or release into the space around them. In a car, this leads to the famous “new car smell.” In precision instruments like telescopes, this leads to major distortions due to contamination.…
Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity Bernoulli’s Equation The Most General Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law The Onset of Turbulence Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and…