Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: There are many technological products associated with the past two centuries of electrochemistry research, none more immediately obvious than the battery. A battery is a galvanic cell that has…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: So far in this chapter, the relationship between the cell potential and reaction spontaneity has been described, suggesting a link to the free energy change for the reaction (see…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Unlike the spontaneous oxidation of copper by aqueous silver(I) ions described in section 17.2, immersing a copper wire in an aqueous solution of lead(II) ions yields no…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: As demonstration of spontaneous chemical change, Figure 17.2 shows the result of immersing a coiled wire of copper into an aqueous solution of silver nitrate. A gradual but visually…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Since reactions involving electron transfer are essential to the topic of electrochemistry, a brief review of redox chemistry is provided here that summarizes and extends the content…
Figure 17.1 Electric vehicles are powered by batteries, devices that harness the energy of spontaneous redox reactions. (credit: modification of work by Robert Couse-Baker) Chapter Outline 17.1 Review of Redox Chemistry 17.2 Galvanic Cells 17.3 Electrode and Cell Potentials 17.4 Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium 17.5 Batteries…
Resistors in Series and Parallel Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage Kirchhoff’s Rules DC Voltmeters and Ammeters Null Measurements DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: When you use a flash camera, it takes a few seconds to charge the capacitor that powers the flash. The light flash discharges the capacitor in a…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Standard measurements of voltage and current alter the circuit being measured, introducing uncertainties in the measurements. Voltmeters draw some extra current, whereas ammeters reduce current flow. Null measurements balance…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Voltmeters measure voltage, whereas ammeters measure current. Some of the meters in automobile dashboards, digital cameras, cell phones, and tuner-amplifiers are voltmeters or ammeters. (See Figure 21.26.) The internal construction of…