Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The hemoglobin in your blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of…
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have (or readily form) partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 19.2, the d-block elements in groups 3–11 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital…
Figure 19.1 Transition metals often form vibrantly colored complexes. The minerals malachite (green), azurite (blue), and proustite (red) are some examples. (credit left: modification of work by James St. John; credit middle: modification of work by Stephanie Clifford; credit right: modification of…
Periodicity This section focuses on the periodicity of the representative elements. These are the elements where the electrons are entering the s and p orbitals. The representative elements occur in groups 1, 2, and 12–18. These elements are representative metals, metalloids, and nonmetals. The…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The elements in group 18 are the noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The elements in group 17 are the halogens. These are the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. These elements are too reactive to occur freely in…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Sulfur exists in nature as elemental deposits as well as sulfides of iron, zinc, lead, and copper, and sulfates of sodium, calcium, barium, and magnesium. Hydrogen sulfide…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Oxygen is the most abundant element on the earth’s crust. The earth’s surface is composed of the crust, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. About 50% of the mass of…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The industrial preparation of phosphorus is by heating calcium phosphate, obtained from phosphate rock, with sand and coke: 2Ca3(PO4)2(s)+6SiO2(s)+10C(s)−→Δ6CaSiO3(l)+10CO(g)+P4(g)2Ca3(PO4)2(s)+6SiO2(s)+10C(s)→Δ6CaSiO3(l)+10CO(g)+P4(g) The phosphorus distills out of the furnace and…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Most pure nitrogen comes from the fractional distillation of liquid air. The atmosphere consists of 78% nitrogen by volume. This means there are more than 20 million…