LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following question: Connection for AP® Courses Cellular respiration is controlled by a variety of means. For example, the entry of glucose into a cell is controlled by the transport proteins that aid…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following question: Connection for AP® Courses The breakdown and synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids connect with the metabolic pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle but enter the…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following question: Connection for AP® Courses As was previously stated, under aerobic conditions cellular respiration can yield 36-38 ATP molecules. If oxygen is not present, ATP is only produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses The electron transport chain (ETC) is the stage of aerobic respiration that uses free oxygen as the final electron acceptor of the electrons removed during glucose…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following question: Connection for AP® Courses In the next stage of cellular respiration—and in the presence of oxygen—pyruvate produced in glycolysis is transformed into an acetyl group attached to a carrier molecule…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following question: Connection for AP® Courses All organisms, from simple bacteria and yeast to complex plants and animals, carry out some form of cellular respiration to capture and supply free energy for…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses As we learned in previous chapters, living organisms require free energy to power life processes such as growth, reproduction, movement, and active transport. ATP (adenosine triphosphate)…
Figure 7.1 This geothermal energy plant transforms thermal energy from deep in the ground into electrical energy, which can be easily used. (credit: modification of work by the U.S. Department of Defense) Chapter Outline 7.1 Energy in Living Systems 7.2 Glycolysis 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate…
Energy and Metabolism Cells perform the functions of life through various chemical reactions. A cell’s metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that take place within it. There are metabolic reactions that involve the breaking down of complex chemicals into simpler…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses Many chemical reactions in cells occur spontaneously, but happen too slowly to meet the needs of a cell. For example, a teaspoon of sucrose (table sugar),…