LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses The initiation of a signaling pathway results in a cellular response to changes in the external environment. This response can take many different forms, including protein…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses During signal transduction, a series of relay proteins inside the cytoplasm of the target cell activate target proteins, resulting in a cellular response. These cascades are…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses Just like you communicate with your classmates face-to-face, using your phone, or via e-mail, cells communicate with each other by both inter’and intracellular signaling. Cells detect…
Figure 9.1 Have you ever become separated from a friend while in a crowd? If so, you know the challenge of searching for someone when surrounded by thousands of other people. If you and your friend have cell phones, your chances of…
Overview of Photosynthesis The process of photosynthesis transformed life on Earth. By harnessing energy from the sun, the evolution of photosynthesis allowed living things access to enormous amounts of energy. Because of photosynthesis, living things gained access to sufficient energy…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses The free energy stored in ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions is used to power the chemical reactions of the light-independent reactions or Calvin…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses Photosynthesis consists of two stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions or Calvin cycle. The light-dependent reactions occur when light is available. The overall equation…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses As we learned in Chapter 7, all living organisms, from simple bacteria to complex plants and animals, require free energy to carry out cellular processes, such…
Figure 8.1 This world map shows Earth’s distribution of photosynthesis as seen via chlorophyll a concentrations. On land, this is evident via terrestrial plants, and in oceanic zones, via phytoplankton. (credit: modification of work by SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE) Chapter…
Energy in Living Systems ATP functions as the energy currency for cells. It allows the cell to store energy briefly and transport it within the cell to support endergonic chemical reactions. The structure of ATP is that of an RNA…