In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses Hormone production and release are often controlled by negative feedback or positive feedback, although regulation by negative feedback is more common. In negative feedback, a stimulus elicits the release of a…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses The majority of information in this section is illustrative for AP®. You do not need to memorize a list of hormones and their effects on different…
In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses Much of the information in this section is an application of the material we explored in the Cell Communication chapter about cell communication and signaling pathways. Hormones are…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Connection for AP® Courses Much information about the various organ systems of animals is not within the scope for AP®. The endocrine system, however, was selected for in-depth study because…
Figure 28.1 The process of amphibian metamorphosis, as seen in the tadpole-to-frog stages shown here, is driven by hormones. (credit “tadpole”: modification of work by Brian Gratwicke) Chapter Outline 28.1 Types of Hormones 28.2 How Hormones Work 28.3 Regulation of Body Processes 28.4 Regulation of Hormone…
Sensory Processes A sensory activation occurs when a physical or chemical stimulus is processed into a neural signal (sensory transduction) by a sensory receptor. Perception is an individual interpretation of a sensation and is a brain function. Humans have special…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Audition, or hearing, is important to humans and to other animals for many different interactions. It enables an organism to detect and receive information about danger, such as an…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Taste, also called gustation, and smell, also called olfaction, are the most interconnected senses in that both involve molecules of the stimulus entering the body and bonding to receptors. Smell lets…
LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this section, you will explore the following questions: Somatosensation is a mixed sensory category and includes all sensation received from the skin and mucous membranes, as well from as the limbs and joints. Somatosensation is also known…
In this section, you will explore the following questions: Senses provide information about the body and its environment. Humans have five special senses: olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), equilibrium (balance and body position), vision, and hearing. Additionally, we possess general senses,…