Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The development of modern atomic theory revealed much about the inner structure of atoms. It was learned that an atom contains a very small nucleus composed of…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: If matter is composed of atoms, what are atoms composed of? Are they the smallest particles, or is there something smaller? In the late 1800s, a number…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers, the scientists of their day. In the fifth century BC, Leucippus and…
Figure 2.1 Analysis of molecules in an exhaled breath can provide valuable information, leading to early diagnosis of diseases or detection of environmental exposure to harmful substances. (credit: modification of work by Paul Flowers) Chapter Outline 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory 2.2 Evolution…
Chemistry in Context Chemistry deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, and the ways by which various forms of matter may be interconverted. Thus, it occupies a central place in the study and practice of science and technology.…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: It is often the case that a quantity of interest may not be easy (or even possible) to measure directly but instead must be calculated from other…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Counting is the only type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change while the counting process is…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Measurements provide much of the information that informs the hypotheses, theories, and laws describing the behavior of matter and energy in both the macroscopic and microscopic domains…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The characteristics that distinguish one substance from another are called properties. A physical property is a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass, and it is all around us. Solids and liquids are more obviously matter: We can see that…