Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Chemical changes and their accompanying changes in energy are important parts of our everyday world (Figure 5.2). The macronutrients in food (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates) undergo metabolic…
Figure 5.1 Sliding a match head along a rough surface initiates a combustion reaction that produces energy in the form of heat and light. (credit: modification of work by Laszlo Ilyes) Chapter Outline 5.1 Energy Basics 5.2 Calorimetry 5.3 Enthalpy Chemical reactions, such as those…
Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical and physical changes. Formulas for the substances undergoing the change (reactants) and substances generated by the change (products) are separated by an arrow and preceded by integer coefficients…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: In the 18th century, the strength (actually the concentration) of vinegar samples was determined by noting the amount of potassium carbonate, K2CO3, which had to be added,…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. All the exercises of the preceding module involved…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: A balanced chemical equation provides a great deal of information in a very succinct format. Chemical formulas provide the identities of the reactants and products involved in…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Humans interact with one another in various and complex ways, and we classify these interactions according to common patterns of behavior. When two humans exchange information, we…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: An earlier chapter of this text introduced the use of element symbols to represent individual atoms. When atoms gain or lose electrons to yield ions, or combine…
Figure 4.1 Many modern rocket fuels are solid mixtures of substances combined in carefully measured amounts and ignited to yield a thrust-generating chemical reaction. (credit: modification of work by NASA) Chapter Outline 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions 4.3 Reaction Stoichiometry…
Formula Mass and the Mole Concept The formula mass of a substance is the sum of the average atomic masses of each atom represented in the chemical formula and is expressed in atomic mass units. The formula mass of a…