Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to Are there categories of basic emotions for all humans? The potential for contextual stimuli from the environment to signal opportunities for social engagement, rewards, safety or signs…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to Three interrelated variables are presented repeatedly throughout this chapter to discuss the most important factors underlying emotions. The first involves the environmental context we inhabit. The environmental…
Figure 13.1 Image credit: Mummenmaa et al., 2014. “Bodily maps of emotions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (2) 646-651; DOI: 10.1073 (c) National Academy of Sciences. Chapter Outline 13.1 Foundational and Contemporary Theories of Emotion 13.2 What Category of Feelings Are…
What Is Stress? The stress response is a non-specific physiological reaction to any event (stressor) that takes an organism out of homeostatic range. It is necessary for survival and to adapt to challenges. Stressors are classified by type, severity, and…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to The cumulative ‘wear and tear’ from prolonged or severe stress exposure can tax our adaptive systems predisposing us to pathology and stress-related disorders. In this section, we will…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to Not surprisingly, individuals vary greatly in their response to stress due to factors like genetics, epigenetics, biological sex, developmental and later life history, and even preconceptional and…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to Recall that the stress response consists of the following sequence of events. A threat cue arrives; for example, we spot a mountain lion during our morning run.…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to Although colloquially we have an idea of what stress is, the aim of this section is to define and understand stress from a biomedical perspective. We will distinguish between…
Figure 12.1 A mountain lion was spotted in the Berkeley Hills above the UC Berkeley campus. Image credit: National Park Service/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain Chapter Outline 12.1 What Is Stress? 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response 12.3 Interindividual Variability and Resilience in…
Understanding Sexual Reproduction and Sexual Dimorphism In this section, we first explored the concept of sexual reproduction, examining its underlying mechanisms and the evolutionary advantages, including genetic diversity and masking of harmful mutations, that have made it so widespread across…