Figure 14.1 Sinkholes such as this are the result of reactions between acidic groundwaters and basic rock formations, like limestone. (credit: modification of work by Emil Kehnel) Chapter Outline 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases 14.2 pH and pOH 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases…
Chemical Equilibria A reversible reaction is at equilibrium when the forward and reverse processes occur at equal rates. Chemical equilibria are dynamic processes characterized by constant amounts of reactant and product species. Equilibrium Constants The composition of a reaction mixture…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Having covered the essential concepts of chemical equilibria in the preceding sections of this chapter, this final section will demonstrate the more practical aspect of using these…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: A system at equilibrium is in a state of dynamic balance, with forward and reverse reactions taking place at equal rates. If an equilibrium system is subjected…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The status of a reversible reaction is conveniently assessed by evaluating its reaction quotient (Q). For a reversible reaction described by mA+nB+⇌xC+yD𝑚A+𝑛B+⇌𝑥C+𝑦D the reaction quotient is derived directly…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The convention for writing chemical equations involves placing reactant formulas on the left side of a reaction arrow and product formulas on the right side. By this…
Figure 13.1 Transport of carbon dioxide in the body involves several reversible chemical reactions, including hydrolysis and acid ionization (among others). Chapter Outline 13.1 Chemical Equilibria 13.2 Equilibrium Constants 13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle 13.4 Equilibrium Calculations Imagine a beach populated with sunbathers and swimmers.…
Chemical Reaction Rates The rate of a reaction can be expressed either in terms of the decrease in the amount of a reactant or the increase in the amount of a product per unit time. Relations between different rate expressions…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Among the factors affecting chemical reaction rates discussed earlier in this chapter was the presence of a catalyst, a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Chemical reactions very often occur in a step-wise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in sequence. A balanced equation indicates what is reacting and…