Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Normal arterial blood pH is restricted to a very narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45. A person who has a blood pH below 7.35 is considered to…
Acid-Base Balance
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Proper physiological functioning depends on a very tight balance between the concentrations of acids and bases in the blood. Acid-balance balance is measured using the pH scale,…
Electrolyte Balance
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The body contains a large variety of ions, or electrolytes, which perform a variety of functions. Some ions assist in the transmission of electrical impulses along cell…
Water Balance
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: On a typical day, the average adult will take in about 2500 mL (almost 3 quarts) of aqueous fluids. Although most of the intake comes through the…
Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The chemical reactions of life take place in aqueous solutions. The dissolved substances in a solution are called solutes. In the human body, solutes vary in different…
Introduction
Figure 26.1 Venus Williams Perspiring on the Tennis Court The body has critically important mechanisms for balancing the intake and output of bodily fluids. An athlete must continuously replace the water and electrolytes lost in sweat. (credit: “Edwin Martinez1”/Wikimedia Commons) CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After…
Chapter Review
Physical Characteristics of Urine The kidney glomerulus filters blood mainly based on particle size to produce a filtrate lacking cells or large proteins. Most of the ions and molecules in the filtrate are needed by the body and must be…
The Urinary System and Homeostasis
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: All systems of the body are interrelated. A change in one system may affect all other systems in the body, with mild to devastating effects. A failure…
Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The major hormones influencing total body water are ADH, aldosterone, and ANH. Circumstances that lead to fluid depletion in the body include blood loss and dehydration. Homeostasis…
Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Several hormones have specific, important roles in regulating kidney function. They act to stimulate or inhibit blood flow. Some of these are endocrine, acting from a distance,…