Somatosensory Receptors This section summarizes the neural structures in the peripheral sensory system as the starting point to receive, transduce, and propagate various modalities of somatosensory information to the central nervous system. Understanding various types of sensory receptors, their axon…

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to There are various ways to treat pain. For acute pain, people can use over-the-counter medication including acetaminophen, aspirin, and ibuprofen. Physical therapy, massage, acupuncture, etc. are also…

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to Pain and itch are specialized somatosensory experiences that are both transmitted by shared neural pathways that start with C- and Aδ fibers in the periphery. While pain…

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to From the cutaneous sensory receptors, action potentials travel through the dorsal horn to reach the lowest part of the central nervous system, the spinal cord. Axons with…

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to When you lift a hot pot of boiling water from the stove, not only do you feel the temperature but also vibration due to the boiling content.…

Figure 9.1 Binding of CB1 receptor averaged over 35 men shows high binding in many brain regions, including basal ganglia and cingulate gyrus. Image credit: Kantonen, T., Karjalainen, T., Pekkarinen, L. et al. Cerebral μ-opioid and CB1 receptor systems have distinct roles…