Review Questions

1.

Dehydration synthesis leads to the formation of what?

1. monomers
2. polymers
3. carbohydrates only
4. water only

2.

What is removed during the formation of nucleic acid polymers?

1. carbon
2. hydroxyl groups
3. phosphates
4. amino acids

3.

During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place?

1. condensation
2. covalent bond
3. dehydration
4. hydrolysis

4.

Energy is released as a result of which of the following chemical reactions?

1. condensation
2. dehydration synthesis
3. hydrolysis
4. dissolution

5.

In the metabolism of a cell, why is hydrolysis used?

1. Hydrolysis breaks down polymers.
2. Hydrolysis is used to form linkages in DNA.
3. Hydrolysis is used to produce proteins.
4. Hydrolysis synthesizes new macromolecules.

6.

Plant cell walls contain which of the following in abundance?

1. cellulose
2. glycogen
3. lactose
4. starch

7.

What makes up the outer layer of some insects?

1. carbohydrate
2. protein
3. RNA
4. triglyceride

8.

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

1. cellulose
2. fructose
3. lactose
4. sucrose

9.

Cellulose and starch are examples of ________.

1. disaccharides
2. lipids
3. monosaccharides
4. polysaccharides

10.

What molecule is joined with glucose to form the disaccharide lactose, and what type of bond joins these molecules?

1. a glycosidic bond between glucose and lactose
2. a glycosidic bond between glucose and galactose
3. a hydrogen bond between glucose and sucrose
4. a hydrogen bond between glucose and fructose

11.

What is structurally different about cellulose when compared to starch?

1. an extra hydrogen atom is left on the monomer
2. β-1,4 glycosidic linkages are used
3. α-1,6 glycosidic linkages are used
4. an extra hydroxyl group is removed during synthesis

12.

Which of the following are classified as lipids?

1. disaccharides and cellulose
2. essential amino acids
3. mRNA and DNA
4. oils and waxes

13.

What is cholesterol specifically classified as?

1. a triglyceride
2. a phospholipid
3. a steroid
4. a wax

14.

Which fat serves as an animal’s major form of energy storage?

1. cholesterol
2. glycerol
3. phospholipid
4. triglycerides

15.

Which hormones are made from cholesterol?

1. estradiol and testosterone
2. insulin and growth hormone
3. progesterone and glucagon
4. prolactin and thyroid hormone

16.

Which of the following characteristics is not true for saturated fats?

1. They are solid at room temperature.
2. They have single bonds within the carbon chain.
3. They tend to dissolve in water easily.

17.

Which fat has the least number of hydrogen atoms?

1. trans fat
2. saturated fat
3. unsaturated fat
4. wax

18.

Of what are phospholipids important components?

1. the double bond in hydrocarbon chains
2. the plasma membrane of animal cells
3. the ring structure of steroids
4. the waxy covering on leaves

19.

What is a diacylglycerol 3-phosphate?

1. phospholipid
2. phosphatidylcholine
3. phosphatidylserine
4. phosphatidate

20.

What is the basic structure of a steroid?

1. four fused hydrocarbon rings
2. glycerol with three fatty acid chains
3. two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group
4. two six carbon rings

21.

Besides its use in hormone production, for what does the body use cholesterol?

1. mRNA transport
2. production of bile salts
3. water reabsorption in the kidney
4. wax production

22.

Where is cholesterol found in cell membranes?

1. attached to the inner side of the membrane
2. attached to the outer side of the membrane
3. floating in the phospholipid tail layer
4. penetrating both lipid layers

23.

Which type of body cell would have a higher amount of cholesterol in its membrane?

1. a cartilage cell
2. a liver cell
3. a red blood cell
4. a spleen cell

24.

Which of the following is a function of proteins in cells?

1. energy storage
2. gene storage and access
3. membrane fluidity
4. structure

25.

What type of protein facilitates or accelerates chemical reactions?

1. an enzyme
2. a hormone
3. a membrane transport protein
4. a tRNA molecule

26.

What type of amino acids would you expect to find on the surface of proteins that must interact closely with water?

27.

What are the monomers that make up proteins called?

1. amino acids
2. chaperones
3. disaccharides
4. nucleotides

28.

Where is the linkage made that combines two amino acids?

1. between the R group of one amino acid and the R group of the second
2. between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other
3. between the 6 carbon of both amino acids
4. between the nitrogen atoms of the amino groups in the amino acids

29.

The α

-helix and the β

-pleated sheet are part of which protein structure?

1. the primary structure
2. the secondary structure
3. the tertiary structure
4. the quaternary structure

30.

Which structural level of proteins is most often associated with their biological function?

1. the primary structure
2. the secondary structure
3. the tertiary structure
4. the quaternary structure

31.

Which of the following may cause a protein to denature?

1. changes in pH
2. high temperatures
3. the addition of some chemicals
4. all of the above

32.

What is a protein’s chaperone?

1. a chemical that assists the protein in its enzymatic functions
2. a second protein that completes the quaternary structure
3. a chemical that helps the protein fold properly
4. a chemical that functions as a cofactor for the protein

33.

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

1. nitrogenous bases
2. nucleotides
3. peptides
4. sugars

34.

What may a nucleotide of DNA contain?

1. ribose, uracil, and a phosphate group
2. deoxyribose, uracil, and a phosphate group
3. deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group
4. ribose, thymine, and a phosphate group

35.

What is DNA’s structure described as?

1. a step ladder
2. a double helix
3. a tertiary protein-like structure
4. a barber pole

36.

What is found in RNA that is not in DNA?

1. deoxyribose and adenine
2. fructose and thymine
3. glucose and quinine
4. ribose and uracil

37.

What is the smallest type of RNA?

1. mRNA
2. microRNA
3. rRNA
4. tRNA

38.

Where is the largest amount of DNA found in a eukaryotic cell?

1. attached to the inner layer of the cell membrane
2. in the nucleus
3. in the cytoplasm
4. on ribosomes