Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The chapter on atoms, molecules, and ions introduced the basic idea of nuclear structure, that…
Figure 21.1 Nuclear chemistry provides the basis for many useful diagnostic and therapeutic methods in medicine, such as these positron emission tomography (PET) scans. The PET/computed tomography scan on the left shows muscle activity. The brain scans in the center show chemical…
Hydrocarbons Strong, stable bonds between carbon atoms produce complex molecules containing chains, branches, and rings. The chemistry of these compounds is called organic chemistry. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen. The alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons—that is,…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Amines are molecules that contain carbon-nitrogen bonds. The nitrogen atom in an amine has a lone pair of electrons and three bonds to other atoms, either carbon or…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Another class of organic molecules contains a carbon atom connected to an oxygen atom by a double bond, commonly called a carbonyl group. The trigonal planar carbon…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: In this section, we will learn about alcohols and ethers. Alcohols Incorporation of an oxygen atom into carbon- and hydrogen-containing molecules leads to new functional groups and…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The largest database1 of organic compounds lists about 10 million substances, which include compounds originating from living organisms and those synthesized by chemists. The number of potential organic…
Figure 20.1 All organic compounds contain carbon and most are formed by living things, although they are also formed by geological and artificial processes. (credit left: modification of work by Jon Sullivan; credit left middle: modification of work by Deb Tremper; credit…
Anatomy of the Nervous System Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Fungal infections of the nervous system, called neuromycoses, are rare in healthy individuals. However, neuromycoses can be devastating in immunocompromised or elderly patients. Several eukaryotic parasites are also…