Collision Theory
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: We should not be surprised that atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical…
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Integrated Rate Laws
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The rate laws discussed thus far relate the rate and the concentrations of reactants. We can also determine a second form of each rate law that relates…
Rate Laws
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: As described in the previous module, the rate of a reaction is often affected by the concentrations of reactants. Rate laws (sometimes called differential rate laws) or rate equations are mathematical expressions…
Chemical Reaction Rates
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: A rate is a measure of how some property varies with time. Speed is a familiar rate that expresses the distance traveled by an object in a given amount…
Introduction
Figure 12.1 An agama lizard basks in the sun. As its body warms, the chemical reactions of its metabolism speed up. Chapter Outline 12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates 12.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates 12.3 Rate Laws 12.4 Integrated Rate Laws 12.5 Collision Theory 12.6 Reaction Mechanisms 12.7 Catalysis The lizard…
Summary
The Dissolution Process A solution forms when two or more substances combine physically to yield a mixture that is homogeneous at the molecular level. The solvent is the most concentrated component and determines the physical state of the solution. The…
Colloids
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: As a child, you may have made suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water, known…
Colligative Properties
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The properties of a solution are different from those of either the pure solute(s) or solvent. Many solution properties are dependent upon the chemical identity of the…
Solubility
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can…
Electrolytes
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: When some substances are dissolved in water, they undergo either a physical or a chemical change that yields ions in solution. These substances constitute an important class…