Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The chemistry of carbon is extensive; however, most of this chemistry is not relevant to this chapter. The other aspects of the chemistry of carbon will appear…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. The sun and other stars are composed largely of hydrogen. Astronomers estimate that 90% of the atoms in…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The nonmetals are elements located in the upper right portion of the periodic table. Their properties and behavior are quite different from those of metals on the…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: A series of six elements called the metalloids separate the metals from the nonmetals in the periodic table. The metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Because of their reactivity, we do not find most representative metals as free elements in nature. However, compounds that contain ions of most representative metals are abundant.…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: We begin this section by examining the behaviors of representative metals in relation to their positions in the periodic table. The primary focus of this section will…
Figure 18.1 Purity is extremely important when preparing silicon wafers. Technicians in a cleanroom prepare silicon without impurities (left). The CEO of VLSI Research, Don Hutcheson, shows off a pure silicon wafer (center). A silicon wafer covered in Pentium chips is an…
Review of Redox Chemistry Redox reactions are defined by changes in reactant oxidation numbers, and those most relevant to electrochemistry involve actual transfer of electrons. Aqueous phase redox processes often involve water or its characteristic ions, H+ and OH−, as reactants…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Electrochemical cells in which spontaneous redox reactions take place (galvanic cells) have been the topic of discussion so far in this chapter. In these cells, electrical work is…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Corrosion is usually defined as the degradation of metals by a naturally occurring electrochemical process. The formation of rust on iron, tarnish on silver, and the blue-green patina…