Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Physical characteristics that are quantized—such as energy, charge, and angular momentum—are of such importance that names and symbols are given to them. The values of quantized entities…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: High-resolution measurements of atomic and molecular spectra show that the spectral lines are even more complex than they first appear. In this section, we will see that…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: After visiting some of the applications of different aspects of atomic physics, we now return to the basic theory that was built upon Bohr’s atom. Einstein once…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Many properties of matter and phenomena in nature are directly related to atomic energy levels and their associated excitations and de-excitations. The color of a rose, the…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Each type of atom (or element) has its own characteristic electromagnetic spectrum. X rays lie at the high-frequency end of an atom’s spectrum and are characteristic of the atom…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: The great Danish physicist Niels Bohr (1885–1962) made immediate use of Rutherford’s planetary model of the atom. (Figure 30.13). Bohr became convinced of its validity and spent…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Just as atoms are a substructure of matter, electrons and nuclei are substructures of the atom. The experiments that were used to discover electrons and nuclei reveal…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: How do we know that atoms are really there if we cannot see them with our eyes? A brief account of the progression from the proposal of…
Figure 30.1 Individual carbon atoms are visible in this image of a carbon nanotube made by a scanning tunneling electron microscope. (credit: Taner Yildirim, National Institute of Standards and Technology, via Wikimedia Commons) Chapter Outline 30.1 Discovery of the Atom 30.2 Discovery of the…
29.1 Quantization of Energy 29.2 The Photoelectric Effect 29.3 Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 29.4 Photon Momentum 29.5 The Particle-Wave Duality 29.6 The Wave Nature of Matter 29.7 Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 29.8 The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed