Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to Where in the body is the biological clock that regulates circadian rhythmicity? As we have described in the previous section, nearly all organisms possess circadian rhythms, including…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to Neuroscience Across Species: Why Are Rhythms Important? The earth orbits the sun with a period of about 365 days and rotates on its axis every 24 hours.…
Figure 15.1 Predictable rhythms exist in nearly every organism on the planet from bacteria to mammals. Image credit: Make It Kenya on Flickr. Public domain. Chapter Outline 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms? 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain? 15.3 Regulation of Sleep 15.4 Disorders of…
Basic Principles of Pharmacology Factors such as the route of administration and the rate of absorption, metabolism, and excretion can impact the ultimate concentration of a drug that ends up in the circulatory system. Drugs that can cross the blood-brain…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to In 2021, over 46 million people met the criteria for having a substance use disorder (SUD) (SAMHSA, 2021). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) classifies a…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to There are certain basic physiological needs, such as food, water, and procreation, that are essential for the survival of the individual and the species. From an evolutionary…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to Psychotherapeutics are drugs used primarily in a clinical context to treat mental illnesses (see Chapter 13 Emotion and Mood). While these drugs on their own are not a cure,…
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to The physiological and behavioral effects of drugs, also known as pharmacodynamics, are a result of their molecular interactions with receptors located throughout the body. To reach these receptors,…
Figure 14.1 Psychopharmacology is the study of how drugs affect mood, cognition and behavior. Chapter Outline 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology 14.2 Psychotherapeutics 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward 14.4 Neurobiology of Addiction What first comes to mind when you think of the word “drug”? Historically,…
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