Figure 30.1 Individual carbon atoms are visible in this image of a carbon nanotube made by a scanning tunneling electron microscope. (credit: Taner Yildirim, National Institute of Standards and Technology, via Wikimedia Commons)
Chapter Outline
30.1 Discovery of the Atom
30.2 Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei
30.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
30.4 X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications
30.5 Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations
30.6 The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization
30.7 Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization
30.8 Quantum Numbers and Rules
30.9 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
From childhood on, we learn that atoms are a substructure of all things around us, from the air we breathe to the autumn leaves that blanket a forest trail. Invisible to the eye, the existence and properties of atoms are used to explain many phenomena—a theme found throughout this text. In this chapter, we discuss the discovery of atoms and their own substructures; we then apply quantum mechanics to the description of atoms, and their properties and interactions. Along the way, we will find, much like the scientists who made the original discoveries, that new concepts emerge with applications far beyond the boundaries of atomic physics.
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